Enqubweni yomhlaba engena emakethe yomhlaba wonke ebumbene, itiye, njengekhofi, ukhokho nezinye iziphuzo, liye lanconywa kakhulu amazwe aseNtshonalanga futhi seliyisiphuzo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Ngokwezibalo zakamuva ze-International Tea Council, ngo-2017, indawo yokutshala itiye emhlabeni wonke yafinyelela kumahektha ayizigidi ezingu-4.89, ukukhishwa kwetiye kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.812, kanti ukusetshenziswa kwetiye emhlabeni wonke kwaba amathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.571.Ukungqubuzana phakathi kokukhiqizwa kwetiye emhlabeni wonke nokudayiswa kusagqama.Ukukhula kwetiye emhlabeni ikakhulukazi kuvela eChina naseNdiya.I-China isibe ngumkhiqizi wetiye omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.Kuze kube manje, ukuhlunga nokuhlaziya ukukhiqizwa kwetiye emhlabeni jikelele kanye nephethini yokuhweba, ukuqonda ngokucacile ukuthambekela okuguquguqukayo kwemboni yetiye emhlabeni, kubaluleke kakhulu ekubhekeni phambili amathemba entuthuko kanye nemikhuba yephethini yohwebo yemboni yetiye yaseShayina, eqondisa ukunikezwa- izinguquko zesakhiwo esiseceleni, kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuncintisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwetiye laseShayina.
★Umthamo wokuhweba ngetiye wehlile
Ngokwezibalo ze-United Nations Food and Agriculture Statistics Database, kulesi sigaba kunamazwe amakhulu angu-49 alima itiye, kanti amazwe adla itiye ahlanganisa amazwe nezifunda ezingu-205 emazwenikazi amahlanu.Kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2016, ukuhweba ngetiye emhlabeni wonke kubonise ukuthambekela okukhuphukayo kanye nokwehla.Isamba sohwebo lwetiye emhlabeni jikelele sikhuphuke sisuka kumathani ayizigidi ezi-2.807 ngo-2000 saya emathani ayizigidi ezi-3.4423 ngowezi-2016, nokunyuke ngama-22,61%.Phakathi kwazo, ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe kukhule kusuka kumathani ayi-1,343,200 ngo-2000 kuya kumathani ayi-1,741,300 ngowezi-2016, okuwukukhula ngamaphesenti angama-29.64;ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kukhule kusuka kumathani ayi-1,464,300 ngowezi-2000 kuya kumathani ayi-1,701,100 ngowezi-2016, okuwukukhula ngo-16.17%.
Eminyakeni yamuva, umthamo wokuhweba itiye emhlabeni usuqalile ukukhombisa ukwehla.Isamba sohwebo lwetiye ngo-2016 sehle ngamathani ayi-163,000 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2015, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngama-4.52%.Phakathi kwazo, umthamo wokungenisa ezweni wehle ngamathani ayi-114,500 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo ngo-2015, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-6.17%, futhi umthamo wokuthekelisa wehle ngamathani angama-41,100 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esifanayo sango-2015, unyaka nonyaka- unyaka wehle ngo-2.77%.Igebe phakathi kwevolumu yokungenisa kanye nevolumu yokuthekelisa lilokhu lincipha ngokuqhubekayo.
★Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanye amazwe kohwebo lwetiye kushintshile
Ngezinguquko ekusetshenzisweni nasekukhiqizweni kwetiye, umthamo wokuhweba ngetiye phakathi kwamazwekazi uthuthuke ngokufanele.Ngo-2000, ukuthengiswa kwetiye e-Asia kwabalelwa ku-66% wetiye elithunyelwa ngaphandle, okulenza laba isizinda esibaluleke kakhulu sokuthunyelwa kwetiye emhlabeni, kulandele i-Afrika ngama-24%, i-Europe ngo-5%, amazwe aseMelika ngo-4%, kanye ne-Oceania 1%.Ngo-2016, ukuthengiswa kwetiye e-Asia njengengxenye yetiye ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwehle ngamaphesenti ama-4 kuya ku-62%.I-Afrika, i-Europe kanye neMelika zonke zenyuke kancane, zakhuphukela ku-25%, 7%, no-6% ngokulandelana.Ingxenye yetiye ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Oceania emhlabeni icishe yaba yinto encane, yehle yafinyelela kumathani ayizigidi ezi-0.25.Kungatholakala ukuthi i-Asia kanye ne-Afrika yizona zwekazi ezithumela itiye.
Kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2016, ukuthunyelwa kwetiye lase-Asia kwaba ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-50 okuthunyelwa kwetiye emhlabeni jikelele.Nakuba lesi silinganiso sehlile eminyakeni yamuva nje, liseyizwekazi elikhulu lokuthunyelwa kwetiye kwamanye amazwe;I-Afrika iyizwekazi lesibili ngobukhulu ukuthekelisa itiye.Eminyakeni yamuva, itiye Ingxenye yokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ikhuphuke kancane.
Ngokombono wokuthengwa kwetiye kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ukuthengwa kwe-Asia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwabalelwa ku-3%.Ngo-2000, lase lifinyelele ku-36%.Ngo-2016, inyuke yafinyelela ku-45%, yaba isizinda esikhulu sokungenisa itiye emhlabeni;EYurophu ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 ukuthengwa kwetiye kweChina kwabalelwa ku-64% wetiye ethengwayo emhlabeni, eyehla yaya ku-36% ngo-2000, eyayiqhathaniswa ne-Asia, futhi yehla yaya ku-30% ngo-2016;Ukuthengwa kwempahla e-Afrika kwamanye amazwe kwehle kancane kusukela ngowezi-2000 kuya ku-2016, kwehle kusuka ku-17% kuya ku-14%;Ukuthengwa kwetiye eMelika kubalele isabelo somhlaba esingaguquki, kuseku-10%.Ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kusuka ku-Oceania kukhuphuke kusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-2016, kodwa isabelo sayo emhlabeni sehle kancane.Kungatholakala ukuthi i-Asia ne-Europe yizwekazi elikhulu elingenisa itiye emhlabeni, futhi inkambiso yokungenisa itiye eYurophu nase-Asia ikhombisa inkambiso “yokwehla nokwanda”.I-Asia isidlule i-Europe ukuze ibe yizwekazi elikhulu kakhulu lokungenisa itiye.
★Ukugxila kwezimakethe zetiye nezimakethe ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kugxile kakhulu
Abathengisi betiye abahlanu abahamba phambili ngo-2016 kwakuyiShayina, iKenya, iSri Lanka, i-India kanye ne-Argentina, okuthengiswe kwayo kwamanye amazwe kubalelwa ku-72.03% wesamba setiye esiphuma emhlabeni.Abathengisi betiye abayishumi abahamba phambili abathunyelwa ngaphandle babalelwa ku-85.20% wesamba setiye esithunyelwa ngaphandle.Kungatholakala ukuthi amazwe asathuthuka yiwona athumela itiye kwamanye amazwe.Amazwe ayishumi aphezulu athumela itiye kwamanye amazwe ngamazwe asathuthuka, okuhambisana nomthetho wohwebo lomhlaba, okusho ukuthi, amazwe asathuthuka aphethe imakethe yempahla eluhlaza enevelu ephansi.I-Sri Lanka, i-India, i-Indonesia, iTanzania namanye amazwe abone ukwehla kokuthunyelwa kwetiye kwamanye amazwe.Phakathi kwazo, ukuthengiswa kwe-Indonesia kwehle ngo-17.12%, iSri Lanka, India, neTanzania kwehle ngo-5.91%, 1.96%, no-10.24% ngokulandelana.
Kusukela ngo-2000 kuya ku-2016, ukuhwebelana kwetiye eShayina kwaqhubeka nokukhula, futhi ukuthuthukiswa kokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwakuphezulu kakhulu kunokuhweba kwamanye amazwe ngesikhathi esifanayo.Ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokujoyina i-WTO, maningi amathuba adalwe ohwebo lwetiye lwaseChina.Ngo-2015, i-China yaba umthengisi wetiye omkhulu kakhulu okokuqala ngqa.Ngo-2016, ukuthengiswa kwetiye kwezwe lami kukhuphuke ngamazwe nezifunda eziyi-130, ikakhulukazi ukuthunyelwa kwetiye eliluhlaza ngaphandle.Izimakethe zokuthekelisa nazo zigxile kakhulu eNtshonalanga, eNyakatho, e-Afrika, e-Asia nakwamanye amazwe nezifunda, ikakhulukazi iMorocco, Japan, Uzbekistan, United States, Russia, Hong Kong, Senegal, Ghana, Mauritani, njll.
Amazwe amahlanu aphezulu angenisa itiye ngo-2016 kwakuyiPakistan, Russia, United States, United Kingdom kanye ne-United Arab Emirates.Ukuthengwa kwawo ngaphandle kwabalelwa ku-39.38% wesamba setiye esithengwa emhlabeni wonke, kanti amazwe ayishumi aphezulu angenisa itiye abalelwa ku-57.48%.Amazwe asathuthuka athatha iningi lamazwe ayishumi aphezulu angenisa itiye kwamanye amazwe, okukhombisa ukuthi ngokuthuthuka komnotho okuqhubekayo, ukuphuzwa kwetiye emazweni asathuthuka nakho kukhuphuka kancane kancane.I-Russia ingumthengi omkhulu wetiye futhi ethenga kwamanye amazwe.U-95% wezakhamuzi zakhona unomkhuba wokuphuza itiye.Kube yizwe elingenisa itiye ezweni elikhulu kunawo wonke kusukela ngo-2000. IPakistan ikhule ngokushesha ekuphuzweni kwetiye eminyakeni yamuva nje.Ngo-2016, yadlula iRussia yaba yitiye elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.izwe lokungenisa.
Amazwe athuthukile, i-United States, i-United Kingdom, kanye neJalimane nawo angabathengi abakhulu betiye kwamanye amazwe.I-United States kanye ne-United Kingdom ingezinye zamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni angenisa futhi abathengi, angenisa itiye cishe kuwo wonke amazwe akhiqiza itiye emhlabeni.Ngo-2014, i-United States yadlula i-United Kingdom okokuqala ngqa, yaba izwe lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni elingenisa itiye ngaphandle kweRussia nePakistan.Ngo-2016, ukuthengwa kwetiye eChina kwabalelwa ku-3.64% kuphela wengqikithi yetiye ethengwayo emhlabeni.Bekunamazwe angama-46 (izifunda).Abalingani abakhulu abahweba kwamanye amazwe kwakuyiSri Lanka, iTaiwan, neNdiya.Laba bobathathu behlangene babalelwa ku-80% wesamba setiye esithengwe eChina.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthengiswa kwetiye eChina kuphansi kakhulu kunokuthunyelwa kwetiye kwamanye amazwe.Ngo-2016, ukuthengwa kwetiye eChina kwabalelwa ku-18.81% kuphela wokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe, okubonisa ukuthi itiye ingenye yemikhiqizo yezolimo eyinhloko ukuthi itiye laseChina elithunyelwa ngaphandle lithola imali yangaphandle.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-17-2021
